Zimbabwe on top in first Test after Bangladesh out for 191
The visitors' opening pair of Brian Bennett, unbeaten on 40 off 37 balls, and Ben Curran (17) took the attack to Bangladesh's bowlers in the 14.1 overs they faced before bad light stopped play.
Bangladesh skipper Najmul Hossain Shanto, who scored 40, earlier won the toss and opted to bat first on a pace-friendly wicket.
But his batters failed to capitalise on the decision and none of them, including top-scorer Mominul Haque (56) or Jakir Ali, who made 28, were able to turn good starts into decent Test scores.
The Zimbabwe attack bowled aggressive and disciplined lines, with paceman Blessing Muzarabani and left-arm orthodox Wellington Masakadza both taking three wickets.
They were assisted by Victor Nyauchi and Wessley Madhevere, who shared the other four wickets.
Nyauchi set the tone for the visitors, sending back Bangladesh's openers early in the first session with only 32 runs on the board.
Shadman Islam was the first to fall for 12 in the ninth over, with Nyauchi also removing Mahmudul Hasan Joy (14) in his next over.
A third-wicket partnership of 66 runs between Haque and Shanto gave the home team's score some respectability.
Bangladesh's relatively inexperienced pace attack of Hasan Mahmud, Nahid Rana and Khalid Rana couldn't find their lines against Bennett, who hit six fours.
Trailing only by 124 runs, Zimbabwe have a rare opportunity to set a formidable first innings total with the pitch expected to be better for the batters on the second day.
Bangladesh are ranked ninth and Zimbabwe are at the bottom of the 12-team ICC Test rankings after a disappointing year and both teams are hoping for a better start to the long season ahead.
The hosts have been formidable on the slow and spin-friendly home pitches but have several veterans missing.
The second and final Test of the series will be played in Chattogram from April 28.
Day 1 scores:
Bangladesh: 191 all out (Mominul Haque 56, Najmul Hossain Shanto 40; Blessing Muzarabani 3-50, Wellington Masakadza 3-21
Zimbabwe: 67-0 Brian Bennett 40, Ben Curran 17; Hasan Mahmud 0-16
Toss: Bangladesh won the toss and decided to bat first.