Saturn’s rings are weird and wonderful: 10 facts here

19.10.2025 14:32

Earthsky.org

The Cassini spacecraft caught the 6th planet from the sun and its rings like never before. In this image, Saturn’s rings are gloriously backlit with the sun blocked by the planet. Image via NASA/ JPL/ Space Science Institute.

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Saturn’s rings are weird and wonderful

Saturn’s rings have given this planet the nickname the jewel of the solar system. At times when small telescopes don’t show the rings – when they’re edgewise to us, as they were for a few weeks last March – Saturn appears as a golden ball, just another distant gas giant world. But the rings make Saturn a showstopper. They draw oohs and aahs through small telescopes. The other gas giants have dim, narrow rings. But Saturn’s rings are bold and beautiful. They’re also weird. Read on to discover 10 weird and wonderful facts about Saturn’s rings.

10 weird facts about the rings of Saturn

1. Saturn’s rings are younger than the oldest dinosaurs. If the earliest dinosaurs, which reigned some 250 million years ago, could manipulate a telescope with their claws, they would have seen a ringless planet. Vahe Peroomian of USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences said:

Saturn’s rings are extremely bright and dust-free, seeming to indicate that they formed anywhere from 10 to 100 million years ago.

2. Saturn’s rings are incredibly thin. The rings may look massive, but that’s only true in one direction. The rings span about 170,000 miles (273,000 kilometers) across. Meanwhile, the rings only average about 30 feet (10 meters) in thickness. Most of the particles that make up the rings are less than 1 meter (yard) in size. So the rings may look solid, but, according to NASA, that’s just an:

… optical illusion on a cosmic scale.

Saturn’s rings are so thin that from our point of view they occasionally disappear. This image from the Cassini mission shows the thinness of the ring while it still casts a thick shadow on the planet. The moon Titan is in the foreground. Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ Space Science Institute.

3. Saturn’s rings occasionally disappear. Because the rings are so thin, they can seem to disappear from our perspective. Every 14 years or so, from our point of view on Earth, the rings appear edge-on. March 2025 was the last time the rings appeared edge-on. They’ll appear full again in 2032.

4. But Saturn’s rings really are disappearing. And this time it’s not just a trick of perspective. The rings have not always accompanied the planet, and one day they’ll be gone again. That’s because the particles are raining onto Saturn. Scientists call the phenomenon ring rain. And they estimate that in another 100 to 300 million years they’ll be gone. So Saturn’s rings are only a temporary feature. And we’re lucky to be around to see Saturn’s glorious ring system.

5. Saturn’s E ring is constantly being replenished. Overall, the rings are slowly dissipating through ring rain. But in the meantime, Saturn’s E ring is supplied with a steady stream of material from the moon Enceladus. Enceladus is a fascinating moon that has geysers that shoot icy particles into space. Scientists have even detected organics in those water plumes. The particles shot out by Enceladus drift into orbit and become part of the E ring.

Wispy fingers of bright, icy material reach tens of thousands of kilometers outward from Saturn’s moon Enceladus into the E ring, while the moon’s active south polar jets continue to fire away. Image via NASA/ JPL/ Space Science Institute.

6. Saturn’s rings are kept in place by shepherd moons. Just like sheep-herding dogs keep their flock in line, Saturn has shepherd moons that keep the ring particles in line. Their gravity “shepherds” the ring particles, keeping them from drifting apart. Moons like Prometheus and Pandora help confine the narrow F ring, for example.

This image from the Cassini-Huygens mission shows 2 shepherd moons hard at work. Prometheus (left) and Pandora (right) shepherd the F ring. Image via NASA/ JPL/ Space Science Institute.

7. The B ring has mysterious spokes. Visiting spacecraft have witnessed mysterious dark spokes on Saturn’s B ring. Voyager saw one that grew over 3,700 miles (6,000 km) in just five minutes. And Cassini saw many spokes, too. Scientists think these spokes are temporary streaks – both dark and bright – made of tiny, icy dust particles. When Saturn’s magnetic field interacts with the solar wind, it can electrically charge and suspend the dust particles, causing them to appear as temporary spokes. They last for a few rotations on the rings before fading away. There’s even a spoke season, when Saturn nears the equinox.

View larger. | The dark spokes in Saturn’s rings, as first observed by the outbound Voyager 2 spacecraft on August 22, 1981. Image via NASA.

8. The rings are some of the most reflective objects in the solar system. That’s because they’re 99% water ice, so they reflect a lot of sunlight. NASA describes the rings as:

… a blizzard of water-ice particles mixed with dust and rock fragments.

The Cassini spacecraft took this closeup view of Saturn’s rings on April 25, 2007. Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ Space Science Institute.

9. The ring particles are moving at a breakneck speed. The serene look of the rings through a telescope is a bit misleading. Those particles of ice and dust are zipping around Saturn at up to 45,000 mph (72,000 km/h). The rings closest to Saturn orbit fastest, just like the closest planet to the sun – Mercury – orbits faster than those farther away.

10. We’re still not sure how Saturn got its rings. One theory suggests that, 160 million years ago, a large moon of Saturn tore apart and became the planet’s rings. Scientists dubbed this lost moon Chrysalis, for its power to transform from a moon into rings, much as an insect chrysalis produces a butterfly. Another theory says the rings are remnants of the material that formed Saturn’s moons. But this material couldn’t coalesce into a moon because it was inside the Roche limit. And yet another theory suggests meteor impacts shattered a moon, which then became the rings.

Bottom line: Saturn’s rings are a glorious highlight of our solar system. But how long have they existed? And what will happen to them? Plus, how were they born?

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